Plane of nutrition during gestation affects reproductive performance and retention rate of hyperprolific sows under commercial conditions.

Defining a maternal plane of nutrition during gestation is pivotal for improving sow productivity and the cost-effectiveness of feeding. The benefits of increasing the amount of feed during late gestation have been controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different planes of nutrition during gestation on reproductive performance of hyperprolific sows and pre-weaning litter performance. One hundred and thirty-five gestating sows were randomly assigned to one of three planes of nutrition throughout parities three and four (P4), as follows: Req - plane designed to meet requirements of prolific sows (2.3 kg per day from day 1 to 21; 1.8 kg per day from day 22 to 75; 2.3 kg per day from day 76 to farrowing); Bump - plane designed as the Req, with increased feed intake during late gestation (3.0 kg per day from day 91 to farrowing); and Maintenance - plane designed to closely meet maintenance requirements of sows (1.8 kg per day from day 1 to farrowing). All treatments were fed the same gestation diet (2.50MCal NE/kg; 0.67% SID Lysine; 15.17% CP). Sow biometrical parameters at farrowing and at weaning, and litter characteristics were recorded. Also, blood samples were collected for pre- and post-prandial serum glucose and plasma insulin, as well as triglycerides, calcium, and phosphorus analyses. Culling, stratified by cause, and retention rates were recorded in all treatments for each parity. Over two parities, Bump sows had higher weight gain and, at P4, had a higher number of piglets born alive (P < 0.05). Bump sows lost more weight between the end of gestation and weaning over two parities (P < 0.05). Maintenance sows showed reduced body condition score with a higher percentage of piglets removed throughout lactation (due to inappetence and inability to reach the udder) at P4 (P = 0.03). Pre- and post-prandial glucose levels were higher in Bump sows, as well as post-prandial insulin and phosphorus levels at P4 (P < 0.05). Bump sows also showed increased plasma triglycerides compared to the other treatments (P = 0.03). Retention rate was reduced in Maintenance compared to Bump and Req sows at parity 5 (P = 0.02). Taken together, our results indicate that higher feed intake allowance during late gestation may improve the sow's nutritional status triggering positive results on litter size of hyperprolific sows (e.g., more than 17 total born). However, body condition score must be carefully evaluated to prevent excessive weight gain during successive parities.

The effects of immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone on growth performance, reproductive activity and carcass traits of heavy weight gilts.

Heavy weight gilts commonly show signs of oestrus during the late finishing phase, which results in a period of reduced feed intake and growth rate. Immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (IM, immunocastration) was developed for finishing boars and recently extrapolated to females. Immunocastration acts by suppressing reproductive activity and improving the growth potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of IM on growth performance, reproductive activity and carcass characteristics of late finishing gilts. Seventy-two gilts (63.49 ± 0.39 kg) were either injected with saline (Intact) or immunized against GnRH (Immunized). The study consisted of three experimental periods: between the first to second immunization (V1 to V2, 15 to 19 weeks of age), from the second immunization to the beginning of daily boar exposure (DBE) (V2 to DBE, 19 to 21 weeks of age) and from the beginning of DBE to slaughter (S) (DBE to S, 21 to 25 weeks of age). Immunized gilts showed an overall increase (from 15 to 25 weeks) of 3.90 kg (P 0.05). Immunized gilts showed 4.4% increased cold carcass weight (P 0.05). Immunocastration reduced ovarian and uterine weights by 82% (P < 0.001) and 93% (P < 0.001), respectively, and suppressed oestrus manifestation in all gilts in the immunized group (P < 0.001). These results indicate that immunization against GnRH is a promising tool for stimulating growth performance with no detrimental effects on carcass quality of heavy weight finishing gilts, by means of oestrus suppression.

A multivariate approach to determine the factors affecting response level of growth, carcass, and meat quality traits in finishing pigs fed ractopamine.

The effect of ractopamine (RAC) supplementation on growth, carcass, and meat quality traits of finishing pigs was studied using a meta-analytical approach. The database was composed of 57 studies published from 2004 to 2016. The dependent variables extracted for the meta-analysis included final BW, ADG, ADFI, feed:gain ratio, HCW, dressing percentage, carcass length, lean yield, back fat thickness, loin muscle area, loin depth, postmortem pH, meat brightness, redness, and yellowness. The studies were grouped by similarity in 3 clusters (C1, C2, and C3) by hierarchical clustering on principle components. The main differences observed between clusters were those of animal initial weight, which increased from C1 through C3. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the data, where studies were assumed as random effect, whereas the total amount of RAC in the diet, cluster, and sex category were considered fixed effects. The interactions between cluster and sex category (barrows, gilts, and mixed sex) and RAC level were also evaluated. Dietary RAC was effective in improving final weight ( < 0.0001), ADG ( < 0.0001), and feed:gain ratio ( < 0.0001) and had a positive effect on HCW ( < 0.0001), lean yield ( = 0.0081), loin muscle area ( = 0.0190), and loin depth ( < 0.0001). In addition, a relatively limited effect on pork quality was observed in the current study. The RAC supplementation was more effective, mainly when pigs started supplementation with higher initial weight, although different responses were observed according to sex category ( < 0.05). There is ample indication that growth and carcass traits could be improved by dietary RAC supplementation. Ractopamine supplementation did not influence the pork quality.

Avaliação de níveis de glicina+serina em dietas de frangos de corte com reduzido teor de proteína bruta / Evaluation of glycine+serine levels in low crude protein diets for broiler chickens

O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de glicina+serina (gli+ser) total em dietas de baixa proteína bruta (PB) sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de frangos de corte de um a 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 750 aves, distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. As dietas utilizadas continham 190g/kg de PB e níveis de gli+ser de 16,7; 19,2; 21,7 e 24,2g/kg; a dieta controle continha 230g/kg de PB. Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos níveis de glicina+serina sobre o desempenho e composição de carcaça. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e os resultados obtidos com as dietas de baixos níveis proteicos com diferentes níveis de gli+ser foram comparados à dieta controle pelo teste de Dunnett. Os níveis de gli+ser apresentaram efeito linear sobre a conversão alimentar, ganho de peso e peso aos 21 dias, sendo o nível de 24,2g/kg de gli+ser com resultado semelhante à dieta controle. A redução proteica aumentou o conteúdo de extrato etéreo na carcaça.(AU)

A completely randomized experimental design was carried out to evaluate the effects of total gly+ser levels in low crude protein diets on performance and body composition of male broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. Seven hundred and fifty broiler chickens were used in each one of the production phases. The birds were randomly allotted to five treatments and five replicates. The diets contained 190g/kg crude protein (CP) and total gly+ser levels of 16.7; 19.2; 21.7 and 24.2g/kg; and a control diet with 230 g/kg CP. The effect of glycine+serine levels on performance and body composition was evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the results obtained with the diets of low crude protein levels with different levels of Gly + Ser were compared to the control diet by Dunnett's test. The gly+ser levels improved the feed linearly: weight gain ratio; weight gain and final weight. The broilers fed 24.2g/kg gly+ser diet showed a performance similar to broilers fed control diets. The carcass fat increased with CP reduction.(AU)

Teor de metionina + cistina para codornas de corte do nascimento aos 21 dias de idade / Total methionine + cystine level for European quail from hatch to 21 days of age

Estudou-se o efeito do teor de metionina + cistina sobre o desempenho de codornas de corte durante a fase inicial (nascimento ao 21° dia). Foram utilizadas 360 codornas, de ambos os sexos, distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso. Os tratamentos consistiram em seis níveis de metionina + cistina total (0,86; 0,96; 1,06; 1,16; 1,26 e 1,36), quatro repetições e 15 aves por unidade experimental. As características avaliadas foram o peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo e conversão alimentar para fase inicial. Observou-se efeito quadrático significativo do teor de metionina + cistina sobre todas as variáveis avaliadas do nascimento ao 21° dia de idade, sendo observado melhor desempenho nas codornas alimentadas com 1,21% de metionina + cistina para peso corporal e ganho de peso, 1,36% de metionina + cistina para consumo e 1,1% de metionina + cistina para conversão alimentar. A exigência de metionina + cistina para máximo ganho de peso na fase inicial é de 1,21%.

The effect of total methionine + cystine level on the performance traits of European quails during the initial phase of the growth period (from hatch to 21 days of age) was evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design with six levels of total methionine + cystine (.86; .96; 1.06; 1.16;1.26;1.36), with four replicates and 15 quails per experimental unit. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed: weight gain ratio were evaluated. Significant quadratic effects of total methionine + cystine level on the performance traits recorded from hatch to 21 days of age were observed. Highest body weight and weight gain were estimated for quails fed 1.21% total methionoine + cystine diets, lowest feed intake was estimated for quails fed 1.36% diets and best feed: weight gain ratio was estimated for quails fed 1.1% total methionoine + cystine diet. The total methionine + cystine requirement for weight gain from hatch to 21 days of age is 1.21%.

Consequences of different dietary energy sources during follicular development on subsequent fertility of cyclic gilts.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary-induced insulin enhancement during the late luteal phase on subsequent fertility of gilts. Fifty-two littermate cyclic gilts were subjected to dietary treatments where two energy sources were tested: corn starch (T1) and soybean oil (T2). The experimental diets were supposed to provide similar amounts of dietary energy, but from different sources. Gilts were fed ad libitum, starting day 8 of the estrous cycle, until the next standing heat. Blood sampling was performed in a subgroup of 20 gilts on days 14 and 21 of the cycle for analyses of glucose and insulin, and after ovulation detection until 18 h after ovulation for progesterone. All gilts were slaughtered on day 28 of pregnancy and the reproductive tracts recovered for further analysis. T1 gilts showed higher postprandial insulin peak on days 14 and 21 and lower glucose levels 4 h after feeding on day 14 (P<0.05), however, there were no treatment effects on plasma progesterone concentrations. Dietary energy sources did not affect average daily feed intake, body weight and backfat on day 28 of pregnancy. Estrous cycle length, estrus duration and time of ovulation were not affected by previous nutritional treatments either. T1 gilts showed higher ovulation rates, number of embryos, embryo weight and placental weight (P<0.05). There were no treatment effects on pregnancy rate, embryo survival rate and volume of amniotic fluid. A positive correlation between progesterone concentration 18 h after ovulation and ovulation rate was observed (r=0.75; P<0.01). These results suggest that it is possible to manipulate dietary insulin response in cyclic gilts and, thus, improve reproductive efficiency when feeding starch as the main energy source during the late luteal and follicular phases of the cycle.

Performance and nutrient utilization in South American juvenile catfish Pseudoplatystoma spp. weighting 89 - 170g, fed at different energy and protein levels / Desempenho e utilização de nutrientes em juvenis de surubim Pseudoplatystoma spp. alimentados com diferentes níveis de energia e proteína

Most studies in nutrition for the South American catfish (surubim) were limited to the initial phase of development. However, it is clear that performance and nutrient utilization can change during the life stages of a fish. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance and nutrient utilization in juveniles of surubim fed diets varying in protein and energy levels. Two experiments were performed to test different levels of energy and protein in formulated diets. In the first experiment, surubim juveniles (89.2±4.8g) were fed five diets containing different levels of energy (18.0, 18.8, 19.6, 20.5, 21.3 MJ/kg). In the second experiment, juveniles (170.03±3.35g) were fed five diets containing different levels of protein (360, 400, 440, 480 and 520g/kg). The most favorable energy level for weight gain was 20.3 MJ/kg. The increasing energy levels provided a rise in fat and decrease in protein whole-body composition. The protein amount was between 360 to 400g/kg (383g/kg), which was adequate for performance and nutrient assimilation in surubim juveniles.

A maior parte dos estudos a respeito dos aspectos nutricionais do surubim está limitada às primeiras fases de desenvolvimento. Entretanto, é claro que o desempenho e a utilização dos nutrientes podem mudar durante os diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento destes animais. Assim sendo, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho e a utilização de nutrientes em juvenis de surubim alimentados com dietas contendo níveis variáveis de energia e proteína. Dois experimentos foram realizados para testar os diferentes níveis de proteína e energia. No primeiro experimento, juvenis de surubim (89,2±4,8g) foram alimentados com cinco dietas contendo níveis diferentes de energia (18.0, 18.8, 19.6, 20.5, 21.3MJ/kg). No segundo experimento, os juvenis (170,03±3,35g) foram alimentados com dietas contendo cinco níveis de proteína (360, 400, 440, 480 e 520g/kg). O melhor nível de energia para ganho de peso foi 20,3 MJ/kg. O aumento dos níveis de energia levou a um incremento nos níveis de lipídeo e diminuição da proteína corporal. Níveis de proteína entre 360 a 400g/kg foram os mais adequados para o desempenho e utilização dos nutrientes em juvenis grandes de surubim.

Intra-uterine growth retardation affects birthweight and postnatal development in pigs, impairing muscle accretion, duodenal mucosa morphology and carcass traits.

The present study investigated the occurrence of intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) in newborn (n=40) and 150-day-old (n=240) pigs of different birthweight ranges (high, HW: 1.8-2.2kg; low, LW: 0.8-1.2kg) from higher-parity commercial sows and its impact on their subsequent development and carcass traits in a Brazilian commercial production system. HW newborn pigs had heavier organs than LW pigs (P<0.01), and all brain:organ weight ratios were higher (P<0.01) in LW compared with HW offspring, providing strong evidence of IUGR in the LW piglets. HW pigs had higher bodyweights and average daily gain (ADG) in all phases of production (P<0.05), but ADG in the finisher phase was similar in both groups. Additionally, LW newborn and 150-day-old pigs showed a lower percentage of muscle fibres and a higher percentage of connective tissue in the semitendinosus muscle, greater fibre number per mm(2) and a lower height of the duodenal mucosa (P<0.05). On the other hand, HW pigs had higher hot carcass weight, meat content in the carcass and yield of ham, shoulder and belly (P<0.01). Hence, lower-birthweight piglets may suffer from IUGR, which impairs their growth performance, muscle accretion, duodenal mucosa morphology and carcass traits.

Teores de glicina+ serina total em dietas de baixa proteína bruta para de frangos de corte de 22 a 35 dias de idade / Total glycine+serine level in low crude protein diets of broiler chickens from 22 to 35 days of age

O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes teores de glicina + serina (gli+ser) total em dietas de baixa proteína bruta (PB) sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte de 22 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 750 aves distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. As aves foram alimentadas até os 21 dias com uma dieta comum de acordo com as exigências. A partir do 21º dia, as dietas utilizadas continham 17 por cento de PB e níveis de gli+ser de 1,50; 1,75; 2,00 e 2,25 por cento; a dieta-controle continha 21 por cento de PB. O teor de gli+ser teve efeito linear sobre a conversão alimentar e não sobre as demais variáveis de desempenho. Não houve efeito de tratamento sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Houve efeito linear decrescente do teor de gli+ser sobre a matéria seca da carcaça.

A completely randomized experimental design was carried out to evaluate the effects of total glycine+serine (gly+ser) levels in low crude protein (CP) diets on performance and body composition of male broiler from 22 to 35 days of age (growing phase). A total of 750 broilers were randomly allotted to five treatments and five replicates of 30 chickens per replication. The birds were fed from 1 to 21 days of age, a common diet formulated to meet bird requirements in all nutrients. From 21 days the diets contained 17 percent CP and gly+ser levels of 1.50; 1.75; 2.00 and 2.25 percent; and a control diet with 21 percentCP. The gly+ser levels showed linear effect on feed: weight gain ratio during the growing phase. There was no effect of gly+ser level on carcass or main carcass part yields. Increasing levels of gly+ser decreased linearly the carcass dry matter content.

Determinação da energia metabolizável e balanço de nitrogênio de dietas com diferentes teores de proteína bruta para frangos de corte / Nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy determination of diets with different crude protein levels for broiler chickens

Realizou-se um ensaio de metabolismo para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de proteína bruta (PB) sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes e energia de dietas para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 160 frangos de corte de linhagem comercial, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos - teor de PB - e quatro repetições com 10 aves por unidade experimental. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas metálicas. A coleta de excretas foi feita nas aves dos 25 aos 29 dias de idade. Os teores de PB utilizados foram 21, 19, 17 e 15 por cento. A redução do teor de PB melhorou linearmente a digestibilidade da MS e da energia metabolizável (EB). A digestibilidade da PB foi influenciada quadraticamente pelos níveis de PB da dieta, sendo o nível de 15,3 por cento de PB o que proporcionou melhor digestibilidade da PB. Houve diminuição linear do consumo e excreção de nitrogênio com a redução proteica. O nitrogênio retido e a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio apresentaram melhor resultado nos teores de 18,3 e 15,3 por cento, respectivamente. Não houve efeito do teor de PB sobre a energia metabolizável aparente e sobre a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio.

A metabolism trial was carried out in metabolic cages in a completely randomized experimental design to evaluate the effect of CP reduction on nutrients and energy digestibility in the diets of broiler chickens. A hundred sixty male broiler chickens were randomly allotted to four treatments (CP levels) and four replicates of 10 birds each. The crude protein levels used in the diets were 21, 19, 17 and 15. The total excreta was colleted and recorded from 25 to 29 days of age. The CP reduction improved dry matter and energy digestibility linearly. A quadratic effect of the CP level on CP digestibility was observed. The maximum digestibility was estimated for broilers fed 15.3 percent CP diets. The nitrogen intake and excretion decreased linearly with the CP reduction. The maximum retained nitrogen and nitrogen efficiency utilization were estimated for broilers fed 18.3 and 15.3 percent CP diets, respectively. No effect of CP levels on ME was observed.

Ácido fumárico e sua combinação com ácido lático ou propionato de cálcio em dietas de leitões recém-desmamados / Fumaric acid associated with lactic acid or calcium propionate for weaning piglet diets

Avaliou-se o efeito da adição dos ácidos fumárico, lático e propionato de cálcio ou suas combinações sobre o desempenho, pH estomacal, pH duodenal, morfologia e morfometria do intestino delgado de leitões desmamados aos 15 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 180 leitões, 90 machos castrados e 90 fêmeas, com média de peso inicial de 4,78±1,19kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Utilizaram-se cinco tratamentos: T1 - ração controle (RC); T2 - RC + 0,5 por cento de ácido fumárico; T3 - RC + 0,5 por cento de ácido fumárico + 1,0 por cento de propionato de cálcio; T4 - RC + 0,5 por cento de ácido fumárico + 1,0 por cento de ácido lático; T5 - RC + 0,5 por cento de ácido fumárico + 0,5 por cento de propionato de cálcio + 0,5 por cento de ácido lático, com seis repetições e seis animais por unidade experimental. Não houve influência (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o ganho de peso diário (GPD), consumo de dieta diário (CRD) e conversão alimentar (CA). Quanto ao epitélio intestinal, não houve diferenças (P>0,05) entre tratamentos em relação à altura do epitélio do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05) sobre o pH do estômago e do jejuno. A inclusão do ácido fumárico não influenciou o desempenho dos leitões.

This assay was carried out to evaluate the effect of fumaric acid; latic acid and calcium propionate on the performance and morphological and morphometric characteristics of small intestine in weaning piglets. A total of 180 weaning piglets were used (90 males and 90 females) with 15 days of age and an initial weight of 4.78 1.1 kg, distributed in a completely randomized block designed with five treatments: T1 - Control ration (CR); T2 - CR + 0.5 percentfumaric acid; T3 - CR + 0.5 percent fumaric acid + 1.0 percent calcium propionate; T4 - CR + 0.5 percent fumaric acid +1.0 percent lactic acid; T5 - CR + 0.5 percent fumaric acid + 0.5 percent calcium propionate + 0.5 percent lactic acid , six replicates of six animals. The performance, morphological and morphometric characteristics of small intestine were evaluated. Daily weight gain, daily feed intake, weight gain: feed intake ratio was not affected by treatments. Significant differences between treatments were not observed for intestinal epithelium height of duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P>0.05). No significant differences between treatments were observed (P<0.05) for the pH of stomach and jejunum. No effect of fumaric acid on piglets performance was observed.

Efeito da ractopamina e de métodos de formulação de ração sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de leitoas em terminação / Effect of ractopamine and methods of diet formulation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing gilts

Avaliou-se o efeito da ractopamina e de diferentes métodos de formulação de dietas sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de leitoas em terminação. Foram utilizadas 60 leitoas, híbridas comerciais, distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x3, sendo dois níveis de ractopamina e três métodos de formulação de dietas. Houve interação de métodos de formulação versus ractopamina para ganho de peso diário, peso corporal, conversão alimentar e taxa de deposição de carne magra (TDCM) na avaliação de carcaça in vivo por ultrassom. A dieta formulada com alta proteína bruta proporcionou maior consumo de dieta (CRD), de lisina (CLD), ganho de peso diário (GPD) e peso corporal final. A suplementação de ractopamina não influenciou o CRD e o CLD, entretanto aumentou o GPD. O método de formulação da dieta não influenciou as características de carcaça aos 28 dias, enquanto a suplementação de ractopamina reduziu a espessura de toucinho, aumentou a profundidade de lombo e o rendimento de carne magra. A dieta formulada com alta proteína bruta proporcionou melhores resultados de desempenho e taxa de deposição de carne magra na carcaça de leitoas em terminação, suplementadas com ractopamina.

The effect of ractopamine supplementation and feed formulation methods was evaluated on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing gilts. Sixty animals were allotted in a completely randomized block experimental design, in a 2x3 factorial scheme - ractopamine (0 and 5ppm) X three feed formulation methods. Interactions between feed formulation method and ractopamine for daily weight gain (DWG), body weight, feed:gain (DFG), and lean carcass meat deposition (LCMD) were by in vivo carcass evaluation using ultrasound observed. Daily feed intake (DFI), lysine intake (DLI), DWG, and final body weight were higher for diets with high protein level. Ractopamine supplementation did not affect feed intake, and lysine intake, but increased daily weight gain. Feed formulation method affected carcass characteristics recorded at 28 days, while ractopamine supplementation reduced backfat thickness, increased muscle depth, and lean carcass proportion of the gilts. Ractopamine improved performance and carcass characteristics of finishing gilts and feed formulation methods affected performance and carcass characteristics. Better performance and higher lean carcass deposition were observed for finishing gilts fed high protein level diets supplemented with ractopamine.

Efeito da redução da proteína bruta e da suplementação de aminoácidos para suínos machos castrados, dos 70 aos 100kg / Reduction of crude protein and supplementation of amino acids for barrows from 70 to 100kg

Estudou-se o efeito da redução da proteína bruta (PB) e da suplementação de aminoácidos em dietas para suínos, dos 70 aos 100kg. Foram utilizados 48 suínos machos, castrados, híbridos comerciais, com o peso inicial de 70,12±1,56kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro níveis de proteína bruta na dieta, 17,95; 16,45; 14,95; 13,45, seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos sobre o ganho de peso diário e sobre o consumo de dieta diário. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de PB sobre a conversão alimentar, que melhorou até o nível estimado de 15,7 por cento de proteína bruta. Não houve influência dos níveis de PB sobre a espessura de toucinho e sobre o rendimento de carne magra. Conclui-se que a redução da proteína bruta na dieta de até 4,5 pontos percentuais, com suplementação de aminoácidos, para suínos na fase de terminação, não influi no consumo de dieta diário, no ganho de peso diário e nas características de carcaça. Melhor conversão alimentar foi estimada para suínos alimentados com dietas contendo 15,7 por cento de proteína bruta.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of crude protein (CP) reduction level of diet with amino acid supplementation on performance of barrows. A total of 48 crossbred barrows, with average initial weight of 70.12±1.56kg were used. The animals were allotted in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments, 17.95; 16.45; 14.95; 13.45 percentCP, six replicates and two animals per experimental unit. The barrows were fed ad libitum during the experiment. No effect of decreasing dietary CP level on feed intake and weight gain was observed. There was a quadratic effect of the CP levels on feed:gain ratio with minimum estimated value for barrows fed 15,70 percent CP diet. There was no effect of CP levels on backfat thickness and lean meat. Reducing CP level from 17.95 to 13.45 percent in barrows diet with amino acids supplementation has no harmful effect on the performance and carcass characteristics.

Relação entre os níveis de lisina da dieta e as características de desempenho de codornas de corte EV2, durante o período de crescimento / Relationship between lysine level in the diets and performance of EV2 meat-type quails during the growing period

Estudou-se a exigência de lisina total para a linha EV2 de codornas de corte na fase de crescimento. Foram utilizadas 312 codornas de corte EV2, de ambos os sexos, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, cujos tratamentos consistiram de dietas com seis níveis lisina total - 1,4; 1,5; 1,6; 1,7; 1,8 e 1,9 por cento - e quatro repetições de 13 codornas por unidade experimental. Para avaliação do desempenho, estudaram-se peso corporal ao final de cada período (g), ganho de peso (g), consumo alimentar (g) e conversão alimentar (g de alimento/g de peso) durante os períodos experimentais inicial (nascimento ao 21º) e total (nascimento ao 42º dia de idade). No período inicial, houve efeito significativo dos níveis de lisina total da dieta sobre o peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo e conversão alimentar, com máximo desempenho das codornas nos níveis de 1,66; 1,66; 1,40 e 1,59 por cento de lisina total, respectivamente. Para o período total de criação, houve também efeito quadrático dos níveis de lisina da dieta sobre o peso corporal ao 42º dia, ganho de peso, consumo e conversão alimentar, com os pontos de máximo desempenho estimados em 1,62; 1,62; 1,60 e 1,61 por cento, respectivamente. A exigência de lisina total para o máximo ganho de peso de machos e fêmeas de codornas de corte do nascimento ao 21º dia é estimada em 1,66 por cento e do nascimento ao 42º dia de idade, em 1,62 por cento da dieta.

The total lysine requirements for EV2 meat-type quails during the growing phase were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design, using 312 quails of both genders, with six levels of total lysine (1.4; 1.5; 1.6; 1.7; 1.8; and 1.9 percent), four replicates of thirteen quails per experimental unit. Body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g), and feed:weight gain ratio were recorded for all the experiment and growing period (initial - from birth to 21 days and total - from birth to 42 days of age). Significant effects of total lysine level on body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed:weight gain ratio were observed from birth to 21 days of age, with maximum performance for quails fed 1.66; 1.66; 1.40; and 1.59 percent of total lysine in the diets, respectively. Quadratic effects of total lysine level on body weight at 42 days of age and weight gain, feed intake, and feed:weight gain ratio, were observed with estimated maximum performance for quails fed 1,62; 1.62; 1.60; and 1.61 percent of total lysine in the diets, respectively. The total lysine requirement for maximum weight gains for males and females from birth to 21 days of age was estimated in 1.66 percent and from birth to 42 days of age in 1.62 percent of the diet.

Níveis de metionina + cistina para características de desempenho e de carcaça em codornas de corte EV2 / Methionine + cystine requirements for performance and carcass traits of EV2 meat-type quails

Estudou-se a exigência de metionina + cistina para codornas de corte em crescimento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco repetições de 13 codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis níveis de metionina + cistina - 0,73; 0,79; 0,85; 0,91; 0,97 e 1,03 por cento. Foram registrados peso corporal (g), ganho de peso (g), consumo de ração (g) e conversão alimentar (g/g) em cada fase de crescimento (7º ao 21º dia) e total (7º ao 42º dia de idade). No 42º dia, quatro codornas de cada unidade experimental (dois machos e duas fêmeas), após jejum de sólidos de oito horas, foram amostradas, pesadas e abatidas para avaliação dos pesos e rendimentos de carcaças em relação ao peso vivo e rendimentos dos cortes (peito e coxas) e das vísceras comestíveis (fígado, moela e coração) e gordura abdominal em relação ao peso da carcaça eviscerada (sem pés e sem cabeça). Os níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta influíram de forma quadrática no peso ao 21º dia e no ganho de peso do 7º ao 21º dia de idade das codornas, com máximo desempenho em 0,95 por cento de metionina + cistina. A conversão alimentar apresentou comportamento linear decrescente significativo. Houve efeito linear dos níveis dos aminoácidos metionina + cistina sobre o peso ao 42º dia, ganho de peso e consumo de alimento do 7º ao 42º dia de idade. Não houve efeito dos níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta sobre o peso vivo, peso e rendimento de carcaça, peito, coxa, gordura abdominal, fígado, moela e coração. Maiores peso corporal, carcaça eviscerada, coxa, peito, gordura abdominal, moela, peso e rendimento de fígado foram observados nas fêmeas, enquanto os machos apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça eviscerada...

Methionine + cystine requirements for meat type quails during the growing phase were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design with five levels of methionione + cystine (.73, .79, .85, .91, .97, and 1.03 percent), and five replicates of 13 quails per experimental unit. Body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g), and feed: weight gain ratio were recorded for each experimental period (from seven to 21 days and seven to 42 days of age). At 42 days of age, four quails (two males and two females) were randomly sampled from each experimental unit, slaughtered after a jejunum of eight hours to evaluate weights and yields of carcass relative to live body weight and yields of main cuts (breast and thigh), edible giblets (liver, gizzard, and heart) and abdominal fat relative to carcass weight (without foot and head). Methionine + cystine levels showed quadratic effects on body weight and weight gain at 21 days of age, with estimated maximum performances for quails fed .95 percent methionine + cystine level, while feed:weight gain ratio decreased with the increasing level of these amino acids. Significant and linear effects of methionine + cystine on body weight were observed at 42 days of age on weight; and on weight gain and feed intake from seven to 42 days of age. No significant effects of methionine + cystine were observed for live body weight, weights and yields of breast, thigh, abdominal fat, liver, gizzard, and heart. Higher body weight, eviscerated carcass, thigh, breast, abdominal fat, gizzard, and liver weight and yield were observed for females, while males showed higher eviscerated carcass weight. The highest weight gains were observed for EV2 quails fed .95 percent methionine + cystine from 7th to 21st days of age and from 7th to 42nd days of age corresponding to a methionine + cystine: lysine ratio of .73 percent and .79 percent and to a daily methionine + cystine intake of .134 and .234g/quail, respectively.

Suplementação de betaglucano a dietas de leitões de 21 a 60 dias de idade / Beta-glucon suplementacion in diets for piglets from 21 to 60 days of age

Realizou-se um experimento com 1.500 leitões distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos: controle e com suplementação de 60, 120, 180 e 240g de betaglucano por tonelada de dieta. Foram analisadas as variáveis ganho de peso diário, peso final, consumo de dieta diário e conversão alimentar nos períodos de 21 a 35, 21 a 49 e 21 a 60 dias de idade. Houve aumento linear significativo do peso final e do ganho de peso diário de leitões suplementados com betaglucano na dieta dos 21 aos 60 dias de idade. A inclusão de 240g/ton. proporcionou aumento no peso final de 800g, o que corresponde ao aumento de 3,2 por cento em relação aos animais do grupo-controle. O ganho de peso diário foi 4,7 por cento mais alto para o grupo de animais tratados com 240g/ton. Não se observou efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre: consumo diário de dieta, conversão alimentar, atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase nem sobre a resposta imune.

A total of 1,500 piglets were used in a completely randomized experimental block design to study the effects of beta-glucon level (control, 60, 120, 180, and 240g per ton of diet) on daily weight gain, body weight, daily feed intake and feed: weight gain ratio from 21 to 35, 21 to 49 and from 21 to 60 days of age Positive and significant linear effects of beta-gluton on body weight and daily weight gain of piglets from 21 to 60 days of age were observed. The inclusion of 240g of beta-gluton in diet resulted in 800g increase in body weight which corresponds to 3.25 percent increase in body weight and 4.7 percent increase in daily weight gain in comparison to animals of the control group. No effects of beta-gluton supplementation on feed intake, feed: weight gain ratio and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity or animal immune response were observed.

Efeito da interação grupo genético x nível de lisina sobre características de desempenho de codornas Coturnix coturnix de corte no período de crescimento / Genotype by lysine level interaction on performance traits of meat type quail Coturnix coturnix during the growing period

Estudou-se o efeito da interação entre grupo genético e nível de lisina sobre características de desempenho de 576 codornas de corte, de ambos os sexos, de dois grupos genéticos (EV1 e EV2), alimentadas com dietas contendo seis níveis de lisina total, 1,4; 1,5; 1,6; 1,7; 1,8 e 1,9 por cento, no período de crescimento, em esquema fatorial 6x2 e delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, sendo quatro repetições de 12 codornas por unidade experimental. Avaliaram-se o ganho de peso (g), o peso (g), o consumo de ração (g/ave) e a conversão alimentar (g de dieta/g de peso) nos períodos inicial - do nascimento ao 21dia - e total - do nascimento ao 42 dia de idade - de crescimento. Houve efeito significativo da interação grupo genético x nível de lisina total da dieta sobre todas as variáveis de desempenho avaliadas no 21º e no 42º dia de idade. No período inicial, ganhos máximos de peso das codornas dos grupos genéticos EV1 e EV2 foram observados nos tratamentos com níveis de 1,7 e 1,7 por cento de lisina total na dieta. Do nascimento ao 42dia de idade, ganhos máximos de peso foram estimados para codornas dos grupos EV1 e EV2 em dietas que continham 1,6 e 1,6 por cento de lisina total.

The effects of genotype by lysine level interaction on performance traits of meat type quails during the growing period of five hundred seventy-six meat type quails of both genders, from two genetic groups (EV1 and EV2), were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design with six different levels of total lysine (1.4; 1.5; 1.6; 1.7; 1.8, and 1.9 percent), and four replicates of 12 quails per experimental unit. The recorded traits for each experimental period (from hatching to the 21st day and from hatching to the 42nd day of age), were: body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g), and feed: weight gain ratio (g/g). Significant effects of genotype by lysine interaction were observed on all the performance traits evaluated in both periods. The total lysine requirements from hatching to the 21st day of age and from hatching to 42 days of age for EV1 and EV2 lines were 1.7 and 1.7 percent and 1.6 and 1.6 percent, respectively.

Avaliação de desempenho de lagoa de polimento para pós-tratamento de reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (UASB) no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura / Evaluation of the performance of a polishing pond for the post-treatment of the effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating swine wastewater

Avaliou-se o desempenho de uma lagoa de polimento, no tratamento de efluentes de águas residuárias de suinocultura de um reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo (UASB). O sistema foi composto de decantador, reator UASB, em escala real, e lagoa de polimento em escala experimental. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram: temperatura, pH, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), sólidos suspensos totais (SST) e sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), nitrogênio total kjedhal (NTK), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-am.) e orgânico (N-org.), fósforo total (Pt), coliformes totais e termotolerantes. A lagoa de polimento apresentou alto desempenho, com remoção média de 58,9 por cento de DBO, 60,1 por cento de NTK, 57 por cento de N-am. e 95,34 por cento de coliformes termotolerantes.

The performance of a polishing pond for treating swine wastewater from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was evaluated. The system was assembled with a slat settler, followed by an UASB reactor, on a real scale, and a post-treatment pond, on a demonstration scale. The following parameters were analyzed: temperature, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), total Kjedahl nitrogen (NTK), ammonia nitrogen (N-am.), organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total and thermotolerant coliforms. The polishing pond was highly efficient, removing an average of 58.9 percent of BOD, 60.1 percent of NTK, 57 percent of N-am., and 95.34 percent of thermotolerant coliforms.

Exigência de fósforo disponível para suínos machos castrados selecionados para deposição de carne magra, dos 30 aos 60kg / Available phosphorus requirement of barrows from 30 to 60kg selected for high lean deposition

Realizou-se um experimento para determinar a exigência de fósforo disponível para suínos machos castrados (Agroceres-Pic) utilizando-se 60 animais, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos -0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4 e 0,5 por cento de fósforo disponível, seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Os animais foram sangrados por punção do plexo venoso orbitário aos 21 dias e ao final do experimento, em jejum, para obtenção dos valores da atividade da fosfatase alcalina no soro (AFAS) e fósforo no soro. Observou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de fósforo disponível sobre o ganho de peso diário, consumo diário de ração, fósforo no soro aos 21 dias, fósforo no soro ao final do experimento e conversão alimentar, que melhorou até o nível de 0,39 por cento de fósforo disponível. Houve efeito linear sobre o consumo diário de fósforo, AFAS aos 21 dias e AFAS ao final do experimento. Concluiu-se que a exigência de fósforo disponível para suínos machos castrados selecionados para deposição de carne magra na carcaça, de 30 a 60kg, é de 0,39 por cento, correspondendo ao consumo de 9,11g/dia.

An experiment was carried to determine available phosphorus requirement of crossbred barrows (Agroceres-Pic), using 60 animals in a completely randomized block design with five dietary treatments - 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; and 0.5 percent of available phosphorus, six replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. On the 21st day of the experiment and at its end, blood samples were collected from orbital plexus of fasting animals to analyze and register alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphorus values. Quadratic effect of available phosphorus level on average daily gain, daily feed intake, serum phosphorus on the 21st day of the experiment, serum phosphorus at the end of the experiment, and feed conversion ratio were observed. Minimum feed conversion ratio was estimated for animals fed diets containing 0.39 percent available phosphorus. There was a linear effect of available phosphorus level on daily phosphorus intake, alkaline phosphatase on the 21st day and alkaline phosphatase at the end of the experiment. Dietary available phosphorus requirement for 30 to 60kg high lean barrows was 0.39 percent, which corresponds to an available phosphorus intake of 9.11g/day.

Efeitos da ractopamina e de dois níveis de lisina digestível na dieta sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de leitoas em terminação / Effects of ractopamine and two lysine levels on performance and carcass traits of gilts in the finishing phase

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da ractopamina e de dois níveis de lisina digestível na dieta sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de leitoas com peso corporal a partir de 85kg, durante 21 e 28 dias antes do abate, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições de dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de arranjo fatorial 2x2, com dois níveis de lisina digestível (LD), 0,67 e 0,87 por cento, e dois níveis de ractopamina (0 e 5ppm). Observou-se efeito significativo do nível de LD sobre o ganho de peso e peso corporal e interação significativa (P<0,05) entre o nível de LD e a ractopamina sobre a conversão alimentar e sobre a taxa de deposição de carne magra corporal. Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) do nível de LD sobre a espessura de toucinho, profundidade de lombo e rendimento em carne magra da carcaça de acordo com avaliação da carcaça, feita in vivo. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da ractopamina sobre o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso diário e o peso corporal aos 21 e 28 dias de experimento. A ractopamina reduziu a espessura de toucinho no ponto P2 aos 21 dias e aumentou o rendimento de carne magra e a profundidade de lombo na avaliação da carcaça no frigorífico.

The effects of ractopamine and digestible lysine levels on performance and carcass traits of gilts with initial body weight average of 85kg, recorded during 21 and 28 day before slaughtering time were evaluated in a completely randomized block design with five replicates of two animals per experiment unit. The treatments consisted in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, two levels of digestible lysine (DL) (0.67 and 0.87 percent) and two ractopamine levels (0 and 5ppm). Significant effects of DL on daily weight gain and body weight and significant effects of DL and ractopamine level were observed for feed:weight gain ratio and lean meat carcass deposition. No significant effects (P>0.05) of DL on fat thickness, muscle depth and lean meat yield according to the in vivo carcass evaluation were observed. No significant effect of ractopamine (P>0.05) on feed intake, daily weight gain and body weight (21 and 28 days) were observed. Ractopamine reduced back fat thickness at P2 point (21days) and increased lean meat yield and muscle depth in frigorific carcass evaluation.